Regulation of γ‐actin gene expression by insulin

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Abstract
Insulin exerts rapid effects on cellular metabolism and can cause morphological changes by inducing rearrangements of cytoskeletal components. The regulation of specific cytoskeletal genes by insulin, however, has not been studied extensively. In the present work insulin was found to rapidly, but transiently, increase transcription of the cytoskeletal γ-actin gene in rat H4IIE (H4) hepatoma cells. Insulin-induced transcription of the γ-actin gene was evident within 5 min and was maximal by 15 min at 10-fold above control levels. The stimulation of transcription was transient, with a return towards basal levels by 120 min. Transcription of γ-actin was increased at insulin concentrations as low as 1 × 10−11 M and was maximal at 1 × 10−9 to 1 × 10−8 M. Transcription of several control genes (skeletal and cardiac α-actin and β-tubulin) were unaltered by insulin administration. Messenger RNA (mRNA) levels for the γ-actin gene increased, but to a lesser degree than transcription. Since the γ-actin message is an abundant and stable mRNA, its levels would not be expected to change dramatically from a transient induction of transcription. Like insulin, phorbol esters transiently increased transcription of the γ-actin gene. In addition, pretreatment of cells with phorbol esters for 24 h reduced the ability of insulin to induce γ-actin transcription. These data support our hypothesis that insulin and phorbol esters share intracellular signalling pathways in the control of transcription of specific genes.