Subtle effects in high-stability quartz resonators

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Abstract
The quest for high stability crystal resonators for advanced frequency control applications has led very recently to a number of far-reaching developments. As the level of frequency stability has improved over the years, various factors that were once imperceptible have become nonnegligible, and their influences have had to be eliminated, reduced, or compensated. At present the most obvious contributors to resonator performance have been enumerated. It is important to continue to catalog less obvious effects, and to evaluate critically at what level their influences make an appearance in the error budget of the resonator.We consider a number of influences that are more-or-less “subtle”. Each is examined to see what contribution it makes to resonator performance. It is apparent that some have to be taken into account in present-day applications; others may become important as future stability specifications become even more stringent.

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