Cytokine Production by Sinus Lavage, Bronchial Lavage, and Blood Mononuclear Cells in Chronic Rhinosinusitis With or Without Atopy

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Abstract
CHRONIC rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common but often debilitating disease, consuming a great deal of medical resources.1 Results of routine immune workups are generally normal in patients with CRS; causative pathogens are those commonly found in otitis media and bronchitis; and CRS seldom develops into systemic infection.1-5 Nevertheless, sinus inflammation persists in spite of aggressive treatments, including prolonged courses of antibiotic therapy and surgical procedures. There may be abnormal immune defense and/or disregulated inflammatory responses occurring in the sinus of patients with CRS, but pathogenesis of CRS is poorly understood.