Effects of low‐dose continuous combined hormone replacement therapy on glucose homeostasis and markers of cardiovascular risk in women with type 2 diabetes

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Abstract
Low-dose hormone replacement therapy (HRT) has attracted interest for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms in diabetes because of concerns about increased risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke with conventional HRT containing conjugated equine oestrogens (CEEs) and medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA). We assessed the effects on glucose homeostasis and cardiovascular risk factors of continuous oral 17beta oestradiol (1 mg) and norethisterone (0.5 mg) in postmenopausal women with type 2 diabetes. Double-blind, randomized placebo-controlled trial. Hyperinsulinaemic isoglycaemic clamp and cardiovascular risk factors were assessed before and after 3 months of treatment. Twenty-eight women completed the study. HRT decreased fasting glucose compared with placebo [-9.4% with HRT vs.+2.3% for placebo, 95% confidence interval (CI) -23.2 to -0.3] and total cholesterol (-13.7 vs.+1.0%, 95% CI -22.4 to -3.1%) No significant effect was seen on metabolic clearance rate of glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), triglycerides, high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol or C-reactive protein (CRP). In women with type 2 diabetes, low-dose HRT decreased fasting glucose and total cholesterol without detectable adverse effects on glucose clearance, triglycerides and CRP as reported with conventional HRT.

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