Electromagnetic instabilities in non-uniform anisotropic plasmas

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Abstract
Electromagnetic waves propagating perpendicular to an external magnetic field in a non-uniform anisotropic plasma can become unstable due to the excitation of either resonant ion instability or resonant electron instability. The former instability can exist in the absence of both the temperture anisotropy and the temperature gradients, whereas for the excitation of resonant electron instability the presence of at least one of them is necessary. An off-resonance drift cyclotron instability can also get excited if the temperature gradients are much stronger than the magnetic field gradients.