Developments in fabrication of piezoelectric ceramics

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Abstract
First, the progress in the piezoelectric ceramic compositions after Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 is briefly described with newly developed materials both of the ternary compositions and of PbTiO3 families. Second, the effects of porosity on the electric and piezoelectric properties are discussed for PZT samples with controlled porosities and pore shapes and the electric and piezoelectric properties of porous Pb(Zr, Ti)O3 with the good connectivity of structure are discussed. Third, the relationship between the defect structure and the electrical properties are discussed for pore-free (Pb, La) (Zr, Ti)O3 ceramics especially prepared by the two-stage processing. Fourth, recent results in the grain-oriented ceramics with an anisotropic structure such as bismuth layer-type compounds are reviewed.