Sex determining genes and vitellogenin synthesis in Drosophila melanogaster

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Abstract
This study investigates the relationship between sexual phenotype and ability to synthesize vitellogenin (yolk proteins, YPs) in Drosophila. Various mutations were used to transform XX and XY animals into intersexes or pseudomales (Table 1). The presence or absence of YPs in the haemolymph and in the fat body was determined by SDS gel electrophoresis, fluorography, and precipitation of YPs with anit-YP antibody (see Fig. 1). YPs were synthesized whenever the flies displayed at least some female morphological characteristics, regardless of their sex chromosome constitution (Table 1; Fig. 2). Pseudomales (definition see p. 1) did not produce detectable amounts of YPs despite their female XX-karyotype. Immature ovaries, transplanted into adult males or pseudomales, developed normally and synthesized YPs, but the fat bodies of the host males or pseudomales were not induced to synthesize YPs. Vitellogenesis was, however, induced in the fat bodies of males and pseudomales by injection of 20-hydroxyecdysone (ecdysterone) (Fig. 3). The results are interpreted to mean that the sexual pathways are controlled by a small number of key genes that regulate the synthetic activities of many sex-specific genes. However, the female-specific YP genes can be activated with ecdysterone although the genetic signals are set for male differentiation.