Contrast sensitivity in amblyopia IV. Assessment of vision using vertical and horizontal gratings and optotypes at different contrast levels

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Abstract
The contrast sensitivity of 49 amblyopic children (mean age 9 years) was measured in the beginning and at the end of a treatment period using both vertical gratings and optotypes (LH-4 contrast test) at 2, 3, 5 and 75% contrast. The contrast sensitivity of 37 patients was also measured using horizontal gratings. The contrast sensitivity of the dominant eyes measured with vertical gratings was generally higher than when measured with horizontal gratings. The difference was statistically significant at spatial frequencies 1 and 6 c/deg. A similar difference was present in the amblyopic eyes only at the spatial frequency 1 c/deg both before and after the treatment. Individual variation was great; in a given patient the relationship between the two measurements varied from one spatial frequency to the next. It has been shown in earlier investigations that contrast sensitivity measurements using gratings reveal important new information in the study of amblyopia. Both tests, used in this investigation, measure visual function in the low contrast domain and improve follow-up of the changes in vision during treatment of amblyopia when used in addition to visual acuity measurements. Low contrast optotype test seems to measure contrast sensitivity in amblyopia closely similar to the grating test. The slight difference in detecting a ''hidden occlusion amblyopia'' at the intermediate spatial frequencies needs further study.