Strong-field ionization of helium in the independent-electron model

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Abstract
We present an interpretation of recently measured single- and double-ionization yields by strong laser pulses in He in terms of the independent-electron model. We show that the single-electron ionization probability may be extracted simply in terms of the ratio of doubly to singly charged ion yields. The data lie in the strong-field intensity range where tunneling ionization is the predominant mechanism, and we discuss its extension to the low-intensity limit of multiphoton ionization and to the ultrahigh intensity region of over-the-barrier ionization.