Stopping power and energy-loss stragglings of slow protons moving in carbon, aluminum and gold; effective-charge fractions and straggling of heavy ions

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Abstract
The measurement of the stopping powers and stragglings for 8–300 keV protons in C, Al and Au complete the series of measurements performed with heavy ions under identical conditions. Effective-charge fractions, unaffected by target-thickness uncertainties, are derived and compared to the current theory of Brandt and Kitagawa. The energy-loss stragglings of protons are in good agreement with the Bonderup-Hvelplund theory, whereas the energy-loss stragglings of heavy ions exceed the theoretical predictions. It confirms the influence of non-equilibrium regions of targets on the results of energy-loss experiments performed with slow ions which we observed before.