Light acts directly on organs and cells in culture to set the vertebrate circadian clock

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Abstract
The expression of clock genes in vertebrates is widespread and not restricted to classical clock structures1,2. The expression of the Clock gene in zebrafish shows a strong circadian oscillation in many tissues in vivo and in culture, showing that endogenous oscillators exist in peripheral organs3. A defining feature of circadian clocks is that they can be set or entrained to local time, usually by the environmental light–dark cycle4,5. An important question is whether peripheral oscillators are entrained to local time by signals from central pacemakers such as the eyes or are themselves directly light-responsive. Here we show that the peripheral organ clocks of zebrafish are set by light–dark cycles in culture. We also show that a zebrafish-derived cell line contains a circadian oscillator, which is also directly light entrained.