Restoration of gravitropic sensitivity in starch‐deficient mutants of Arabidopsis by hypergravity

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Abstract
Despite the extensive study of plant gravitropism, there have been few experiments which have utilized hypergravity as a tool to investigate gravisensitivity in flowering plants. Previous studies have shown that starch‐deficient mutants of Arabidopsis are less sensitive to gravity compared to the wild‐type (WT). In this report, the question addressed was whether hypergravity could restore the sensitivity of starch‐deficient mutants of Arabidopsis. The strains examined include a WT, a starchless mutant and a reduced‐starch mutant. Vertical orientation studies with dark‐grown seedlings indicate that increased centrifugal acceleration improves orientation relative to the acceleration vector for all strains, even the WT. For starchless roots, growth of seedlings under constant 5 g acceleration was required to restore orientation to the level of the WT at 1 g. In contrast, approximately 10 g was required to restore the orientation of the starchless mutant hypocotyls to a WT level at 1 g. Examination of plastid position in root cap columella cells of the starchless mutant revealed that the restoration of gravitropic sensitivity was correlated with the sedimentation of plastids toward the distal cell wall. Even in WT plants, hypergravity caused greater sedimentation of plastids and improved gravitropic capability. Collectively, these experiments support the hypothesis of a statolith‐based system of gravity perception in plants. As far as is known, this is the first report to use hypergravity to study the mechanisms of gravitropism in Arabidopsis.