Soil development processes in an Aqualf‐Ochrept sequence from loess with admixtures of tephra, New Zealand

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Abstract
SUMMARY: The properties of contrasting soils occurring under a 1050–1600 mm rainfall gradient are described. The soils range, with increasing rainfall, from Typic Fragiaqualfs to Andic Dystrochrepts. Sand mineralogy of these soils indicates that they have formed in essentially similar parent materials consisting largely of quartzo‐feldspathic loess with admixtures of rhyolitic and andesitic tephra.The Fragiaqualfs have high bulk density, impeded drainage in winter, degraded chlorite, argillic horizons, halloysite and vermiculite. The Dystrochrepts have lower bulk density, free drainage, ferrihydrite, allophane, humus‐(Al, Fe) complexes and no argillic horizons.An hypothesis to explain differences between these soil groups proposes that the dense horizons in the Fragiaqualfs arise largely from hydraulic suctions exerted by roots during periods of high summer water deficits. The consequent loss of porosity leads to impeded drainage in winter causing gleying and enhanced clay formation. In the Dystrochrepts the summer deficits are lower, consequently the soils have lower bulk densities and remain free draining.

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