The energetics of intramolecular reactions and enzyme catalysis

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Abstract
The relative rates of reactions should always be examined by an awareness of differential effects. The magnitude and variation of the relative rates of intramolecular reactions can be rationalized by the differences in entropy and strain energy. The relative rates of enzyme-catalysed reactions are sometimes due to groundstate effects. The $\beta $-lactamase-catalysed hydrolysis of $\beta $-lactam antibiotics may require a unique disposition of catalytic groups owing to an unusual process of bond fission in the four membered ring.