Lipid Apheresis by Hemoperfusion: In Vitro Efficacy and Ex Vivo Biocompatibility of a New Low‐Density Lipoprotein Adsorber Compatible with Human Whole Blood

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Abstract
To date, selective extracorporeal low-density lipoprotein (LDL) removal can only be performed from plasma; that is, a plasma-cell separation step using a centrifuge or a plasma membrane separator is necessary initially. This article characterizes a new polyacrylate-based LDL adsorber directly applicable to whole blood. In vitro single-pass hemoperfusion tests using pooled donor blood showed quantitative adsorption of atherogenic LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) and complete recovery of protective high-density lipoprotein C. Fibrinogen, another independent risk factor of atherosclerosis, was also adsorbed to a lesser extent. Single-pass ex vivo biocompatibility using fresh donor blood on-line was excellent and resulted in minimal cell loss. Neither signs of hemolysis nor activation of monocytes (interleukin-1 production) were detected. Only slight activation of leukocytes (elastase release) and thrombocytes (platelet factor 4 secretion) as well as of coagulation (thrombin-antithrombin complex formation) and complement (C3a, C5a generation) was observed. Under the experimental conditions used, the optimal anticoagulation regimen was 0.5 IU heparin plus 0.375 mg citrate/ml blood. Priming the column with a buffer of pH 7.4 containing heparin, citrate, and Ca2+ is recommended. In conclusion, this new adsorber exhibited selective LDL-C adsorption in vitro combined with excellent ex vivo biocompatibility and thus holds great promise for a successful clinical application in a closed-loop system in patients.