Measurements of small-caliber ballistic shock waves in air

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Abstract
Megahertz bandwidth pressure measurements of airborne ballisticshock waves from bullets are presented which confirm weak-shock theoretical predictions of waveform shape, period, amplitude, and the scaling of these quantities with shock propagation distance. Wavefront distortions and amplitude variations are quantified versus shock propagation distances of 3–55 m and agree with predictions based on linear acoustic propagation through simple turbulencemodels. Observed rise times probably exhibit a mix of turbulence and molecular relaxation effects.
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