Ethylene and buoyancy control rachis elongation of the semi-aquatic fern Regnillidium diphyllum

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Abstract
When fronds of the semi-aquatic fern Regnillidium diphyllum Lindman are submerged the rachi elongate much more than when in contact with the air. Submergence appears to have two consequences that account for the enhanced elongation. Firstly, ethylene accumulates in the tissue and secondly, the hollow fronds are buoyed upward from the rhizome, continuously creating a tension in the rachi. The effect of ethylene is a rapid enhancement of cell elongation. It is suggested that ethylene softens the cell walls which are then stretched by the tensile force resulting from buoyancy.