Cadmium levels in the urine of male sewage sludge farmers of Hyderabad, India

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Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the urinary cadmium levels among 45 nonsmoking sewage sludge farmers of different age groups and exposure. Urinary cadmium was analyzed following standard procedures on a flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Cadmium concentrations were found to be significantly higher when compared with a nonsmoking general population of similar age group with no occupational exposure to cadmium. The mean concentration of 7.07 μg/L of cadmium was found in the farmers exposed to 25 yr of working on the sludge farms. Significantly higher concentrations of cadmium were also detected in the farmers exposed to 10 yr of working on sludge farms when compared with that of control groups.