Antegrade Ureteroscopy for Stone Removal

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Abstract
Antegrade ureteroscopy, using the 11-French ureteroscope via a percutaneous transrenal access, provides safe and easy endoscopic exploration of the ureter above the level of the iliac vessels. The technique has proven to be reliable and effective for the removal of obstructing proximal ureteral calculi; all of the 22 patients who underwent antegrade ureteroscopy were stone-free after treatment. Since the introduction of this new technique, no more open surgery has been required to manage ureteral calculi.