High salt intake reduces endothelium-dependent dilation of mouse arterioles via superoxide anion generated from nitric oxide synthase

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Abstract
In skeletal muscle arterioles of normotensive rats fed a high salt diet, the bioavailability of endothelium-derived nitric oxide (NO) is reduced by superoxide anion. Because the impact of dietary salt on resistance vessels in other species is largely unknown, we investigated endothelium-dependent dilation and oxidant activity in spinotrapezius muscle arterioles of C57BL/6J mice fed normal (0.45%, NS) or high salt (7%, HS) diets for 4 wk. Mean arterial pressure in HS mice was not different from that in NS mice, but the magnitude of arteriolar dilation in response to different levels of ACh was 42–57% smaller in HS mice than in NS mice. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) with NG monomethyl l-arginine (l-NMMA) significantly reduced resting diameters and reduced responses to ACh (by 45–63%) in NS mice but not in HS mice. Arteriolar wall oxidant activity, as assessed by tetranitroblue tetrazolium reduction or hydroethidine oxidation, was greater in HS mice than in NS mice. Exposure to the superoxide scavenger 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine- N-oxyl (TEMPO) + catalase reduced this oxidant activity to normal and restored normal arteriolar responsiveness to ACh in HS mice but had no effect in NS mice. l-NMMA also restored arteriolar oxidant activity to normal in HS mice. ACh further increased arteriolar oxidant activity in HS mice but not in NS mice, and this effect was prevented with l-NMMA. These data suggest that a high salt diet promotes increased generation of superoxide anion from NOS in the murine skeletal muscle microcirculation, thus impairing endothelium-dependent dilation through reduced NO bioavailability.