HIV-1 DNA Flap formation promotes uncoating of the pre-integration complex at the nuclear pore

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Abstract
The HIV‐1 central DNA Flap acts as a cis ‐acting determinant of HIV‐1 genome nuclear import. Indeed, DNA‐Flap re‐insertion within lentiviral‐derived gene transfer vectors strongly stimulates gene transfer efficiencies. In this study, we sought to understand the mechanisms by which the central DNA Flap mediates HIV‐1 nuclear import. Here, we show that reverse transcription (RT°) occurs within an intact capsid (CA) shell, independently of the routing process towards the nuclear membrane, and that uncoating is not an immediate post‐fusion event, but rather occurs at the nuclear pore upon RT° completion. We provide the first observation with ultrastructural resolution of intact intracellular HIV‐1 CA shells by scanning electron microscopy. In the absence of central DNA Flap formation, uncoating is impaired and linear DNA remains trapped within an integral CA shell precluding translocation through the nuclear pore. These data show that DNA Flap formation, the very last event of HIV‐1 RT°, acts as a viral promoting element for the uncoating of HIV‐1 at the nuclear pore.