Macrogeographic clines in fecundity, reproductive allocation, and offspring size of the forest tent caterpillar Malacosoma disstria

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Abstract
Summary: 1. The fecundity of the forest tent caterpillar varies considerably across its geographic range. Field data indicate that populations in the southern United States (Gulf States) produce nearly twice as many eggs as females from Canada or the Lake States, with little or no difference in the size of adult females.2. In controlled rearing experiments, female forest tent caterpillar from the southern United States (Louisiana) had much larger clutch sizes than same sized females from northern populations in Michigan or Manitoba, Canada. Increased fecundity in Louisiana females was achieved through a significant reduction in egg size and a concomitant increase in the allocation of resources to egg production.3. Comparison of 10 forest tent caterpillar populations spanning a 27° latitudinal gradient, validated the results of detailed comparisons among the three populations above by confirming the strong negative correlation between latitude and clutch size.4. Neonate forest tent caterpillars from Manitoba were significantly larger than larvae from either Michigan or Louisiana. Michigan larvae were intermediate in size. It is postulated that large neonates are advantageous in thermally limiting environments. More than three times as many degree‐days are available to Louisiana neonates during the first 2 weeks after hatching. A consistently favourable climate during the vulnerable post‐hatching period may have allowed the evolution of larger clutches at the expense of neonate size in southern populations.