Review—Advances in Three-Dimensional Turbulent Boundary Layers With Emphasis on the Wall-Layer Regions

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Abstract
Current information concerning three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers is discussed. Several topics are presented including (i) a detailed description of eleven experiments published since 1990. In nine cases cross flows are controlled by pressure gradients imposed from the freestream, but in two cases the cross flows are wall-shear-driven. The other topics include (ii) an examination of state of the art in measurement techniques; (iii) a look at some issues and ideas in turbulence modeling; and (iv) an introduction to new work on the visualization and description of quasicoherent structures (high/low-speed streaks and turbulent vortices) in three-dimensional turbulent boundary layers.