Individual variation in contractile cost and recovery in a human skeletal muscle.

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Abstract
This study determined the variation among individuals in ATP use during contraction and ATP synthesis after stimulation in a human limb muscle. Muscle energetics were evaluated using a metabolic stress test that separates ATP utilization from synthesis by 31P NMR spectroscopy. Epicutaneous supramaximal twitch stimulation (1 Hz) of the median and ulnar nerves was applied in combination with ischemia of the finger and wrist flexors in eight normal subjects. The linear creatine phosphate (PCr) breakdown during ischemic stimulation defined ATP use (delta PCr per twitch or approximately P/twitch) and was highly reproducible as shown by the relative standard deviation [(standard deviation/mean) x 100] of 11% in three repeated measures. The time constant of the monoexponential PCr change during aerobic recovery represented ATP synthesis rate and also showed a low relative standard deviation (9%). Individuals were found to differ significantly in both mean approximately P/twitch (PCr breakdown rates, 0.29-0.45% PCr per sec or % PCr per twitch; ANOVA, p < 0.001) and in mean recovery time constants (41-74 sec; ANOVA, P < 0.001). This range of approximately P/twitch corresponded with the range of fiber types reported for a flexor muscle. In addition, approximately P/twitch was negatively correlated with a metabolite marker of slow-twitch fiber composition (Pi/ATP). The nearly 2-fold range of recovery time constants agreed with the range of mitochondrial volume densities found in human muscle biopsies. These results indicate that both components involved in the muscle energy balance--oxidative capacity and contractile costs--vary among individuals in human muscle and can be measured noninvasively by 31 P NMR.