NMDA Receptor Activation Mediates Hydrogen Peroxide–Induced Pathophysiology in Rat Hippocampal Slices

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Abstract
Endogenous reactive oxygen species (ROS) can act as modulators of neuronal activity, including synaptic transmission. Inherent in this process, however, is the potential for oxidative damage if the balance between ROS production and regulation becomes disrupted. Here we report that inhibition of synaptic transmission in rat hippocampal slices by H2O2can be followed by electrical hyperexcitability when transmission returns during H2O2washout. As in previous studies, H2O2exposure (15 min) reversibly depressed the extracellular population spike (PS) evoked by Schaffer collateral stimulation. Recovery of PS amplitude, however, was typically accompanied by mild epileptiform activity. Inclusion of ascorbate (400 μM) during H2O2washout prevented this pathophysiology. No protection was seen with isoascorbate, which is a poor substrate for the stereoselective ascorbate transporter and thus remains primarily extracellular. Epileptiform activity was also prevented by the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, dl-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (AP5) during H2O2washout. Once hyperexcitability was induced, however, AP5 did not reverse it. When present during H2O2exposure, AP5 did not alter PS depression by H2O2but did inhibit the recovery of PS amplitude seen during pulse-train stimulation (10 Hz, 5 s) in H2O2. Inhibition of glutamate uptake by l- trans-2,4-pyrrolidine dicarboxylate (PDC; 50 μM) during H2O2washout markedly enhanced epileptiform activity; coapplication of ascorbate with PDC prevented this. These data indicate that H2O2exposure can cause activation of normally silent NMDA receptors, possibly via inhibition of redox-sensitive glutamate uptake. When synaptic transmission returns during H2O2washout, enhanced NMDA receptor activity leads to ROS generation and consequent oxidative damage. These data reveal a pathological cycle that could contribute to progressive degeneration in neurological disorders that involve oxidative stress, including cerebral ischemia.