INK4a/ARF mutations accelerate lymphomagenesis and promote chemoresistance by disabling p53

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Abstract
The INK4a/ARF locus encodes upstream regulators of the retinoblastoma and p53 tumor suppressor gene products. To compare the impact of these loci on tumor development and treatment response, the Eμ–myc transgenic lymphoma model was used to generate genetically defined tumors with mutations in the INK4a/ARF, Rb, or p53 genes. Like p53 null lymphomas, INK4a/ARF null lymphomas formed rapidly, were highly invasive, displayed apoptotic defects, and were markedly resistant to chemotherapy in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, INK4a/ARF−/−lymphomas displayed reduced p53 activity despite the presence of wild-type p53 genes. Consequently, INK4a/ARF and p53 mutations lead to aggressive tumors by disrupting overlapping tumor suppressor functions. These data have important implications for understanding the clinical behavior of human tumors.