Gene flow in the exotic 14-spotted ladybird beetle, Propylea quatuordecimpunctata

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Abstract
Propylea quatuordecimpunctata is a Palearctic ladybird beetle that has recently become established fortuitously in northeastern North America. This predator has also been cultured by the United States Department of Agriculture from geographically diverse Old World populations and propagated for release in the U.S.A. Massive releases of P. quatuordecimpunctata have not resulted in any recognized established populations, raising a number of questions about its population genetics. We sampled beetles for electrophoretic variation in three feral populations in the U.S.A., one feral population in Europe, one cultured population from Canada, and six cultured populations from the Old World. Of the 31 putative genetic loci resolved, 26 were polymorphic (84%). Mean heterozygosity was 18.32 ± 2.84% among all loci and was 21.84 ± 2.89% among only polymorphic loci. Cultured and feral populations showed similar levels of heterozygosity at the 11 loci scored. New World and Old World beetles showed no significant differences in heterozygosities. Wright's fixation index FST was 0.034 ± 0.021 among feral populations and 0.331 ± 0.101 among cultured populations. Drift was the major force driving differentiation of cultured beetle populations. Our data do not suggest that the failure of P. quatuordecimpunctata to become established in areas where it was deliberately released was related to a paucity of genie diversity. Key words : allozymes, breeding structure, biological control, gene flow, colonization.