Telomerase Regulation, Cell Cycle, and Telomere Stability in Primitive Hematopoietic Cells

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Abstract
Low levels of telomerase activity have recently been detected in human primitive hematopoietic cells, however, blood cells exhibit telomere shortening on cell proliferation. This challenging observation led us to study telomerase regulation and telomere length in human hematopoietic progenitor cells from fetal liver (FL), cord blood (CB), peripheral blood (PB), and bone marrow (BM). We found telomerase activity in CD34+/CD38+ cells exceeding levels in CD34+/CD38−, CD34−, and mononuclear cells (P < .05). Baseline telomerase activity was highest in BM (n = 5) CD34+ cells, followed by PB (n = 20), CB (n = 11), and FL (n = 1). Within 48 hours to 72 hours of in vitro culture of CD34+ cells in the presence of cytokines (KL, interleukin-3 [IL-3], IL-6, erythropoietin, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor), telomerase activity was upregulated, peaked after 1 week of culture, and decreased to baseline levels or below detection after 3 to 4 weeks. Stimulation of CD34+ cells with single cytokines resulted in no or minor telomerase upregulation, whereas cytokine combinations resulted in a significant telomerase increase (P < .001). There was a correlation between telomerase activity, cell cycle status by BrdU incorporation, and induction of phosphorylated retinoblastoma protein, CDC2, CDK2, cyclin D1, and cyclin A, but not cyclin E and B1 after 72 hours with multiple (but not single) cytokines. In nonexpanding CD34+ cells, telomerase was low or undetectable. Secondary CD34+ cells showed a reduced ability to upregulate telomerase activity. Antiproliferative cytokines such as transforming growth factor-β1 and high concentrations of all-trans–retinoic acid in cytokine-supported CD34+ cultures downmodulated telomerase activity. Average telomere lengths were 10.4 kbp, 7.4 kbp, and 7.6 kbp in CB, PB, and BM CD34+ cells, respectively. In ex vivo expansion cultures, an average telomeric DNA loss of 1 to 2 kbp over 4 weeks was observed. However, the rate of base pair loss per population doubling was significantly lower during the first 2 weeks, when telomerase was upregulated, than during weeks 3 and 4 of culture. In summary, telomerase is upregulated in response to cytokine-induced proliferation and cell cycle activation in primitive hematopoietic cells. Telomerase is downregulated between weeks 3 and 4 of ex vivo expansion culture linked with decreased proliferation and greater expansion of more mature cell subsets. Our data suggest that telomerase activity in hematopoietic cells reduces, but does not prevent, telomere shortening on proliferation.