Soft X‐ray contact imaging of nucleolar chromatin using synchrotron radiation: a comparative scanning and transmission electron microscope study

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Abstract
Contact images (CI) of dehydrated, nucleolar chromatin from amphibian oocytes have been produced by soft X‐rays from a synchrotron radiation source. These CI have been compared with the morphology of the original chromatin as seen in scanning and transmission electron microscopes. The quality and informational content of the CI depend very much on certain preparative procedures. The following factors have a marked effect on image quality and need to be carefully controlled: the total X‐ray dose, the time and nature of development and the distance of the specimen from the photoresist. The preparation of the chromatin itself, providing that it is critically point dried, is less important. By following a regime of high X‐ray dose, sufficient for penetration of the rather thick chromatin rings, and gentle development so that fine detail is not dissolved from the resist surface, it has been possible to obtain images which closely resemble the original chromatin, although the detailed resolution of the CI is not as clear. The smallest biological structures clearly resolved in the CI are ribonucleoprotein granules, which vary in size from 200 to 800 nm. However, by further refinement of preparative conditions it should be possible to improve on the informational content of these images.