Different degrees of atherosclerosis detected by backscattered ultrasound: An in vitro study on fixed human aortic walls

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Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish whether ultrasonic backscattered signals may characterize the atherosclerotic process, providing a quantitative assessment of severity. Measurements on aortic specimens were made in vitro by a transducer acting as transmitter and receiver. Two different indices were measured, one based on peak amplitude value (Vmax) and the other on fast Fourier transform (FFT) analysis of ultrasonic reflected signal (IBI). Two hundred fixed aortic wall specimens (50 normal, 50 fatty streaks, 50 fibrofatty, and 50 calcific) were first characterized ultrasonically and then pathologically, both macroscopically (before ultrasonic study) and histologically (after it). Differentiation of normal, fibrofatty and calcific specimens was achieved using Vmax. Values obtained in fatty streaks overlapped with normal wall but significantly differed from values of fibrofatty and calcific subsets. The results with IBI were similar except that the difference between normal and fibrofatty specimens was not statistically significant. Such changes in acoustic behavior of atherosclerotic walls could be due to increased deposition of highly echogenic biological materials, such as collagen, cholesterol crystals (in fibrofatty specimens), and calcium salts (in calcific ones). Therefore, backscattered signals appear to provide in vitro simple parameters indicative of changes in the arterial wall structure due to the atherosclerotic process.