Laser balloon angioplasty: Effect of tissue temperature on weld strength of human postmortem intima‐media separations

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Abstract
Dehiscence of portions of atheromatous plaques fractured during percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty may contribute to both abrupt reclosure and gradual restenosis. Laser balloon angioplasty has been shown to be effective in welding human plaque-arterial wall separations in vitro by heating tissues with a Nd:YAG laser during balloon inflation. To define the potentially useful therapeutic range of tissue temperature required to achieve thermal welds, 220 1-cm diameter discs of human postmortem atheromatous aortic tissue, the intimal plaque of which had been separated from the media, were exposed to 3–25 watts of Nd:YAG laser radiation delivered over a 12-mm2 nominal spot size for 20 seconds via a 400-μm core optical fiber. As measured with a thermistor, adventitial temperature reflected the temperature at the plaque-media junction to within 10°C. The degree of tissue temperature elevation was related to delivered energy, while effective tissue penetration increased to maximum depth of 3 mm at the highest power density. Strength of tissue welds was defined as the force required to shear opposing layers of welded segments. Adventitial tissue temperatures below 80°C were not associated with appreciable welds, while equilibrium temperatures between 95°C and 140°C were consistently associated with effective mean weld strengths, which increased linearly from 25 to 110 g, respectively. Temperatures greater than 150°C were associated with rapid tissue dehydration and charring. These data suggest that the therapeutic range of tissue temperature that provides effective thermal fusion of intima-media separations is broad and that the depth and degree of thermal coagulation can be controlled by manipulation of laser energy delivery.