Concerted inhibition of the transcriptional activation functions of the enhancer‐binding protein NIFA by the anti‐activator NIFL

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Abstract
The Azotobacter vinelandii NIFL regulatory flavoprotein responds to the redox, energy and nitrogen status of the cell to inhibit transcriptional activation by the σN‐dependent enhancer binding protein, NIFA, via the formation of a NIFL–NIFA protein complex. The NIFA protein contains three domains: an N‐terminal domain of unknown function; a central catalytic domain required to couple nucleotide hydrolysis to activation of the σN‐RNA polymerase holoenzyme; and a C‐terminal DNA‐binding domain. We report that truncated NIFA proteins that either lack the amino‐terminal domain or contain only the isolated central domain remain responsive to inhibition by NIFL but, in contrast to native NIFA, continue to hydrolyse nucleotides when NIFL is present. We also report that NIFL is competent to inhibit the DNA‐binding function of NIFA. Taken together, these results suggest that NIFL inhibits NIFA via a concerted mechanism in which DNA binding, catalytic activity and, potentially, interaction with the polymerase are controlled by NIFL in order to prevent transcriptional activation under detrimental environmental conditions.