Electrolyte and Fluid Disturbances in Congestive Heart Failure

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Abstract
HEART failure primarily denotes failure of the heart as a pump — a deficiency in its ability to maintain an adequate blood flow to the tissues according to their needs under a physiologic range of requirements. Concomitantly, there is impairment of the capacity of one or more of the cardiac chambers to accept and expel the venous return. In consequence there are disturbances in flow and pressure and secondary physical and metabolic disturbances in various tissues.From the point of view of the clinician, heart failure is defined differently — as a syndrome characterized by breathlessness, orthopnea, nocturnal dyspnea, cardiac . . .