Two-Step Liquid−Liquid−Liquid Microextraction of Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drugs in Wastewater

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Abstract
A simple and novel two-step liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction technique combined with reversed-phase HPLC has been developed for the determination of the nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs ibuprofen and 2-(4-chlorophenoxy)-2-methylpropionic acid in wastewater samples. In the first step, the analytes were extracted from an acidified sample (donor solution) into 1-octanol immobilized in the pores of 10 pieces of polypropylene hollow fiber and further into a basic acceptor phase inside the hollow fiber channels. This first extraction step, using 0.01 M NaOH as the acceptor phase and 0.1 M HCl within the donor phase, had a 100% relative recovery with an enrichment factor of 100-fold. The extract in the first step was then adjusted to acidic condition with HCl. It now represented the donor phase for the second step of the extraction, using a single piece of hollow fiber, with 2 microL of 0.01 M NaOH solution as the acceptor phase. This analyte-enriched acceptor phase was subsequently withdrawn into a microsyringe and directly injected into an HPLC system for analysis. With this two-step microextraction, sensitivity enhancement of >15,000-fold could be obtained. Detection limits of < or =100 ng/L could be achieved for both compounds. The method was applied to the analysis of wastewater.

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