Color doppler imaging of orbital vessels: Personal experience and literature review

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Abstract
Many Doppler imaging studies have been performed in recent years in a large number of ocular disorders because of improvements in the Doppler equipment used for detecting and measuring the low blood‐flow velocities that are a requisite for the quantitative evaluation of blood flow in the orbital vessels. The ophthalmic artery, central retinal artery and vein, posterior ciliary arteries, and the superior ophthalmic vein can be easily identified using color Doppler sonography. The changes in local blood flow in these vessels assessed by spectral analysis pulsed Doppler sonography have been used to characterize and to obtain new insights into different nontumoral vascular disorders including carotid artery stenosis, central retinal vein occlusion, giant cell arteritis, glaucoma, diabetes, fistulas, and tumoral processes of the eye and orbit. Our experience has confirmed the important role of Doppler sonography in the assessment of subclinical changes in the vascular bed, in the understanding of different processes, for following up after specific treatments, and for determining the long‐term prognosis of these various conditions. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 31:258–273, 2003