Progression of Knockdown and Mortality of Honey Bees (Hymenoptera: Apidae) Sprayed with Insecticides Mixed with Penncap-M

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Abstract
Carbaryl, malathion, methomyl, microencapsulated methyl parathion, oxamyl, permethrin, phosalone, and binary mixtures of microencapsulated methyl parathion with all but the first two were sprayed directly on honey bees, Apis mellifera L., in the laboratory in a manner simulating field exposure. Knockdown and mortality were evaluated at periods ranging from 0.25 to 48 h after application. Methomyl and permethrin had the quickest knockdown of insecticides tested. Permethrin had a much lower mortality level than did methomyl, within 1 h of application. Phosalone had the least effect on bees. Within the 1st h of application, knockdown occured in 50% knockdown. Mixtures of insecticides with microencapsulated methyl parathion had knockdown and mortality patterns similar to those of the most toxic insecticide in the mixture, but with additional toxicity. Results of this study suggest that oxamyl is highly toxic to bees, whereas it was previously reported as moderately toxic.