Hemodynamic effects of hemorrhage and subsequent naloxone treatment in conscious rabbits

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Abstract
The central and peripheral hemodynamic effects of rapid hemorrhage and subsequent opiate receptor blockade were studied in conscious rabbits. With hemorrhage of less than 12 ml/kg, mean arterial blood pressure (BP) was maintained by an increase in total peripheral resistance (TPR). Cardiac output (CO) declined in spite of an increase in heart rate (HR). Blood loss greater than 13 ml/kg resulted in an abrupt decrease in BP that was largely due to a decline in TPR. CO continued to decline gradually as it did early in hemorrhage. HR also decreased at the transition to hypotension. Subsequent opiate receptor blockade with naloxone (3 mg/kg) produced a prompt increase in BP and a decrease in HR. An increase in TPR accounted for the rise in BP. CO did not change significantly after naloxone. Therefore the hypotension associated with hemorrhage results from a decline in peripheral vascular resistance that is reversible by opiate receptor blockade with naloxone. These results are consistent with the involvement of opiate receptors and endogenous opiate peptides centrally and/or peripherally in control of vascular resistance during acute hemorrhagic hypotension.