Isolation of Tn916-like conjugal elements from swine lot effluent

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Abstract
Isolates of Enterococcus faecalis obtained from a swine farrowing house outflow were examined for genetic elements similar to Tn916. Of the enterococci isolated, 71% were resistant to tetracycline. Among the tetracycline-resistant enterococci isolated from the outflow samples, approximately 34% were able to transfer the tetracycline resistance phenotype to Bacillus thuringiensis in cross-genus matings. The frequencies of transfer for 10 random isolates were comparable to those for transfer of Tn916 from E. faecalis to B. thuringiensis. In addition, these elements were shown to mobilize plasmid pC194 between Bacillus species, as did Tn916. Southern blot and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis showed these elements share extensive structural homology with Tn916. The selected conjugal elements were capable of transfer to a Bacillus recipient in a soil environment. When the swine waste was introduced into the soil, the tetracycline resistant fecal enterococci levels rose from essentially undetectable levels to approximately 4 x 10(4) and remained at this level for 4 weeks. After six months, including one winter, levels had decreased to 5 x 10(3).