DNA binding and regulatory effects of transcription factors SP1 and USF at the rat amyloid precursor protein gene promoter

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Abstract
Two DNA elements which we have termed SAA and GAG have been shown to control expression of the rat amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, and the region containing the SAA element has been shown to interact with nuclear proteins [Hoffman and Chernak (1994) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 201, 610-617]. In this report we study DNA sequences and proteins which influence the activity of the SAA element. An oligonucleotide containing the SAA element is specifically bound by nuclear proteins derived from rat PC12 cells, consistently forming four complexes designated C25, C30, C35 and C40 in electrophoretic mobility shift assays (EMSAs). We demonstrate that the C25, C30 and C40 complexes involve the binding of nuclear proteins to an SP1 consensus sequence located within the SAA element and that the C25 complex contains a protein antigenically related to the human SP1 protein. We establish further that the C35 complex requires a USF recognition site located within the SAA element and contains a protein antigenically related to the human upstream stimulatory factor (USF) protein. Using APP promoter/luciferase reporter gene constructs, we demonstrate that both the SP1 and the USF sites can play a role in the transcriptional activity of the SAA element. Finally, we show that complexes similar to the C25, C30 and C35 complexes are formed by rat cortex nuclear extracts and the SAA element in EMSA experiments, suggesting the relevance of our in vitro observations to the in vivo functioning of the rat APP promoter.