Herbivory below ground and biological weed control: life history of a root-boring weevil on purple loosestrife

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Abstract
The life history of the root-boring weevil Hylobius transversovittatus was studied in north and central Europe. The weevil develops on Lythrum salicaria, a perennial marshland plant that has become a problem weed in North America. It was found in all habitats of its host plant with the exception of permanently flooded sites. It also attacked L. salicaria in an early successional stage, devastating large parts of the storage tissue. The beetle was found in two-thirds of the field populations examined with a mean attack rate of 76.3%. Larvae developed according to a 1- or 2-year generation cycle depending on the time of oviposition. Adult beetles developing within 1 year emerged between July and October, whereas beetles with a 2-year larval period emerged within 3 weeks in July and August. Adults were long-lived and could hibernate several times. Beetles of the new generation mated right on the spot and some oviposited prior to overwintering. Hibernated females had an oviposition period from May to early September and produced 3–4 eggs/day during the peak oviposition period. Specific mortality factors were scarce. Dispersal flights ensure the regular occurrence of H. transversovittatus in scattered L. salicaria populations. The severe impact of the weevil is expected to reduce the competitive ability of its host plant after introduction into North America.