Highly efficient and bright organic electroluminescent devices with an aluminum cathode

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Abstract
The electron injection process, which limits the electroluminescent performance of organic devices, has been enhanced tremendously by inserting a layer of LiF with appropriate thickness between the cathode and a quinacridone doped organic layer. Devices with an Al/LiF cathode demonstrated a luminance in excess of 20 000 cd/m 2 and an external quantum efficiency of 3%, which is comparable to devices with a Mg/LiF cathode. These devices show maximum luminance of 45 000 cd/m 2 prior to failure in continuous bias operation. For the same LiF thickness, the operating voltage for devices with Al/LiF was lower than the corresponding operating voltage for devices with Mg/LiF or Mg alone. Tunneling theory is used to explain this enhancement.