Transformation of human skeletal muscle cells by simian virus 40.

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Abstract
Molecular studies of the biochemical alterations involved in human myopathies have been restricted because of the finite life-span and slow growth rate of cultures derived from primary tissue. Because the tumor virus simian virus 40 (SV40) can alter both the growth properties and longevity of human cells, we have infected skeletal muscle cultures derived from four biopsies with a small-plaque variant of SV40 and analyzed the biological and biochemical properties of cloned myoblast derivatives. At early times after infection, myoblasts fused normally into multinucleated myotubes, and both unfused and fused cells contained SV40 tumor antigen (T antigen). After six to eight subcultures after infection, the ability of myoblasts to fuse diminished, and clonal cell lines were generated with increased growth rates and saturation densities. Transformed cultures also lost contact inhibition of growth and became anchorage independent. Unlike untransformed myoblasts, SV40-transformed clones did not undergo an increase in creatine kinase activity or a transition of creatine kinase isoenzymes from the BB form to the muscle-specific MM form. Analysis of the pattern of SV40 DNA integration by Southern blotting hybridization analysis in two cloned SV40-transformed myoblast cell lines (KJ-SV40 and PK-SV40) indicated that KJ-SV40 contained at least one site of SV40 DNA integration into chromosomal DNA and PK-SV40 contained at least three sites of SV40 DNA covalently linked to cellular DNA. Cell lysates and growth medium from PK-SV40 transformants contained infectious small-plaque variant SV40, whereas KJ-SV40 did not contain or produce detectable virus. These studies demonstrate that human myoblasts can be immortalized by SV40. This procedure may prove useful for generating large quantities of genetically deficient human cells for biochemical and molecular analysis.