Fracture patterns related to volcanic necks and pipes in an Upper Limestone Group (Namurian) coal seam in the Kincardine Basin, West Fife, Scotland

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Abstract
SUMMARY: In the N.C.B’s Longannet mines, on the eastern flank of the Kincardine Basin, the Upper Hirst Coal Seam is disturbed by two sets of fractures. The earlier fractures are believed to have been induced by volcanism before the coal seam was fully compacted; they are on a small scale and are usually accompanied by minor intructions soft-sediment deformation. Some appear to be radial or concentric to a known neck at Bogside and all can be readily distinguished from the later and larger mainly E-W fractures, which resulted from end-Carboniferous tectonism The detail provided by mining offers a unique opportunity to document such disturbances induced by pipe emplacement and their recognition can be put to practical use in predicting the location of other pipes ahead of the working areas.

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