Cobalt inhibition of insulin release: evidence for an action not related to Ca2+ uptake

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Abstract
Insulin release, Ca2+ fluxes, and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) levels were measured under various conditions to test the selectivity of cobalt (Co2+) actions in pancreatic islets. Insulin release was measured simultaneously either with 45Ca2+ uptake or 45Ca2+ efflux from rat islets maintained 2 days in tissue culture. Glucose (16.7 mM)-stimulated insulin release was inhibited by Co2+ (0.25, 0.5 mM) without concomitant inhibition of glucose-stimulated 45Ca2+ uptake. At higher concentrations of Co2+ (1.0, 2.5 mM) glucose- as well as K+-stimulated insulin release were inhibited in parallel with 45Ca2+ uptake. In the presence or the absence of external Ca2+, Co2+ (0.5 mM) also decreased 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine-stimulated insulin release, which does not depend on the stimulation of Ca2+ uptake. Co2+ did not alter islet cAMP levels. Co2+ also did not affect the unidirectional basal 45Ca2+ efflux measured in the absence of Ca2+ but completely overcame the stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux evoked by the removal of external Mg2+. Under the latter conditions, 50, but not 5 microM verapamil, decreased the stimulated 45Ca2+ efflux. It is concluded that Co2+ is able to inhibit insulin release and lower Ca2+ efflux without apparent interference with Ca2+ uptake. This suggests that Co2+, in addition to its well-known inhibition of Ca2+ uptake, may exert its action at a distal step in the insulin release process.