Complexity of the thoracic spine pedicle anatomy

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Abstract
Transpedicular screw fixation provides rigid stabilization of the thoracolumbar spine. For accurate insertion of screws into the pedicles and to avoid pedicle cortex perforations, more precise knowledge of the anatomy of the pedicles is necessary. This study was designed to visualize graphically the surface anatomy and internal architecture of the pedicles of the thoracic spine. Fifteen vertebrae distributed equally among the upper, middle, and lower thoracic regions were used. For the purpose of mapping surface anatomy, each pedicle was cleaned, spraypainted white, and marked with more than 100 fine points. Using an optoelectronic digitizer, three-dimensional coordinates of the marked points and three additonal points, representing a coordiate system, were digitized. A solid modeling computer program was used to create three-dimensional surface images of the pedicle. To obtain cross-sectional information, each pedicle was sectioned with a thin diamond-blade saw to obtain four slices, 1 mm in thcikness and 0.5 mm apart. The pedicle slices were X-rayed and projected onto a digitizer. The internal and external contours were digitized and converted into graphs by a computer. The pedicles exhibited significant variability in their shape and orientation, not only from region to region within the thoracic spine, but also within the same region and even within the same pedicle. These variations are extremely significant in light of current techniques utilized in transpedicular screw fixation in the thoracic spine. Information documenting the three-dimensional complexity of pedicle anatomy should be valuable for surgeons and investigators interested in spinal instrumentation.