Hydroxyapatite coatings on Ti produced by hot isostatic pressing

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Abstract
Plasma spraying is a technique currently used in the production of HA‐coated titanium implants. These coatings have been shown to be porous; they dissolve and have a weak bond to the substrate. The long‐term interface strength has been questioned in particular. The aim of the present work was to produce HA coatings without the shortcomings of those produced by plasma spraying. Hot isostatic pressing (HIP) at 850°C and 1000 bar with no holding time was applied for this purpose. Initially, the HA powder was mixed with water and air sprayed on the Ti substrate. The Ti specimens were then cold‐pressed, enclosed by a protective Pt foil, and encapsulated in an evacuated glass ampulla. Subsequent to HIP, the glass and the Pt foil were removed. These coatings were denser than those produced by plasma spraying. The bonding was measured to be > 62 MPa, which is considered to be satisfactory. The structure of the coating was checked by X‐ray diffraction and IR spectroscopy, and was found to correspond to that of HA. Some cracks were observed in the coating running predominantly vertical to the surface. Whether these are acceptable has to be verified by in vivo experiments. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.