Craigie's Vi phage method and South African strains ofB. typhosus, with special reference to typhoid carriers

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Abstract
The work began with efforts to isolate a type II Vi phage from local sewage. When this attempt failed, typing material was obtained from Dr J. Craigie and Dr A. Felix.The typing method was applied to 495 strains of typhoid bacilli, the technique laid down by Craigie being followed throughout.It was found that in South Africa the distribution of the various types of typhoid bacilli is different from that obtaining in other countries where this typing method has so far been applied.During further investigations of type F strains the fact came to light that by means of a simple biochemical test type F strains can be subdivided into two sub-types, which subdivision will be useful in further epidemiological work. No such biochemical subdivision was found possible in any other type.It did not prove possible to type all South African strains with the available phage preparations. Some of these strains must represent new types. Workers in other countries have had similar experiences and it will become necessary to compare all these unusual strains directly with one another in order to reach uniformity in nomenclature. It has already been possible to co-operate with workers in England, and they have been assisted by my finding that a strain, unique in England and supposed to have been brought there by a carrier, who had typhoid fever in South Africa 40 years ago, was endemic in South Africa.During the course of the work, two outbreaks of typhoid fever occurred in which the typing method proved most useful, not only for linking up a particular carrier with a particular outbreak, but also for excluding an already known carrier who was under grave suspicion.I have to thank Dr Craigie and Dr Felix for supplying material, and Prof. Pijper, of the Pretoria University, for placing laboratory facilities at my disposal. I thank all others for cultures received for typing.
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