TNF? and the TNF receptor superfamily: Structure-function relationship(s)

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Abstract
Tumour Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), is an inflammatory cytokine produced by macrophages/monocytes during acute inflammation and is responsible for a diverse range of signalling events within cells, leading to necrosis or apoptosis. The protein is also important for resistance to infection and cancers. TNFα exerts many of its effects by binding, as a trimer, to either a 55 kDa cell membrane receptor termed TNFR‐1 or a 75 kDa cell membrane receptor termed TNFR‐2. Both these receptors belong to the so‐called TNF receptor superfamily. The superfamily includes FAS, CD40, CD27, and RANK. The defining trait of these receptors is an extra cellular domain comprised of two to six repeats of cysteine rich motifs. Additionally, a number of structurally related “decoy receptors” exist that act to sequester TNF molecules, thereby rescuing cells from apoptosis. The crystal structures of TNFα, TNFβ, the extracellular domain of TNFR‐1 (denoted sTNFR‐1), and the TNFβ sTNFR‐1 complex have been defined by crystallography. This article will review the structure/function relationships of the TNFα and the TNF receptor superfamily. It will also discuss insights as to how structural features play a role in the pleiotropic effects of TNFα. Microsc. Res. Tech. 50:184–195, 2000.