Dissociation of Protamine‐DNA Complexes by Xenopus Nucleoplasmin and Minichromosome Assembly in vitro

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Abstract
Nucleoplasmin, an acidic thermostable protein abundant in the nucleus of Xenopus laevis oocytes, has been found to dissociate complexes of pUC19 DNA and protein φ1, an intermediate protamine present in ripe sperm from the mollusc Mytilus edulis. Cruder preparations of nucleoplasmin, such as the amphibian oocyte S150 extract and its thermostable fraction, also dissociate the heterologous DNA-φ1 complexes and, in addition, promote the assembly of plasmid DNA into a minichromosome displaying regular nucleosomal periodicity, as revealed by micrococcal nuclease digestion. In contrast, purified nucleoplasmin complemented with rat hepatocyte core histone octamers in the presence of DNA topoisomerase I, although capable of inducing nucleoprotein formation onto the complexed DNA, fails to position nucleosomes at the native spacings seen in chromatin in vivo. These data favour the existence of a general mechanism to bring about, in a concerted manner, removal of sperm specific nuclear proteins and reconstitution of somatic chromatin following fertilization.