Actin depolymerizing factor and cofilin phosphorylation dynamics: Response to signals that regulate neurite extension

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Abstract
The actin assembly-regulating activity of actin depolymerizing factor (ADF)/cofilin is inhibited by phosphorylation. Studies were undertaken to characterize the signaling pathways and phosphatases involved in activating phosphorylated ADF (pADF), emphasizing signals related to neuronal process extension. Western blots using antibodies to ADF and cofilin, as well as an ADF/cofilin phosphoepitope-specific antibody characterized in this paper, were used to measure changes in the phosphorylation state and phosphate turnover of ADF/cofilin in response to inhibitors and agents known to influence growth cone motility. Increases in both [Ca2+]i and cAMP levels induced rapid pADF dephosphorylation in HT4 and cortical neurons. Calcium-dependent dephosphorylation depended on the activation of protein phosphatase 2B (PP2B), while cAMP-dependent dephosphorylation was likely through activation of PP1. Growth factors such as NGF and insulin also induced rapid pADF/pcofilin dephosphorylation, with NGF-stimulated dephosphorylation in PC12 cells correlated with the translocation of ADF/cofilin to ruffling membranes. Of special interest was the finding that the rate of phosphate turnover on both pADF and pcofilin could be enhanced by growth factors without changing net pADF levels, demonstrating that growth factors can activate bifurcating pathways that promote both phosphorylation and dephosphorylation of ADF/cofilin. All experimental results indicated that dynamics of phosphorylation on ADF and cofilin are coordinately regulated. Signals that decreased pADF levels are associated with increased process extension, while agents that increased pADF levels, such as lysophosphatidic acid, inhibit process extension. These data indicate that dephosphorylation/activation of pADF is a significant response to the activation of signal pathways that regulate actin dynamics and alter cell morphology and neuronal outgrowth. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton 39:172–190, 1998.